Is Dietary Fatty Acid a Risk Factor for Obesity? A Review of the Literature
Keywords:
obesity, weight gain, 3 PUFAs, 6 PUFAs, obesity-susceptibility gene variantsAbstract
Obesity is an important modifiable risk factor for many chronic diseases. With the dramatically increased prevalence of obesity over the last 2 to 3 decades, obesity pandemic has become a major public health challenge worldwide. Finding strategies to prevent the development of obesity are of critical importance to reduce the population burden of obesity and obesity related disorders. The role of high fat intake as a main contributor to obesity remains controversial. Experimental studies have suggested that the composition of dietary fats may be relevant to the development of obesity independent of total fat intake. However, very few epidemiologic studies have prospectively investigated the associations between intake of different fats and body weight gain. The intrinsic inaccuracy in diet assessment using self-reported method has particularly limited the extent to which most previous epidemiologic studies can reveal the true relation between dietary fat and disease outcomes. More objective measures of dietary fat profile, such as fatty acids composition in biologic specimens, is superior in hypothesis testing but has rarely been used in studies of obesity. Furthermore, individual responses to dietary fats may vary based on their genetic backgrounds. Differential sensitivity to fat-induced obesity has been mapped to specific genetic loci in animal models but is much less studied in humans. Further genetic association studies are needed to explore potential interactions between dietary fats and genetic variants underlying the development of obesity.
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Posner BM, Franz MM, Quatromoni PA, et al. Secular trends in diet and risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Study. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995;95(2):171-179.
Swan G. Findings from the latest National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Proc Nutr Soc. 2004;63(4):505-512.
Heitmann BL, Lissner L, Sorensen TI, Bengtsson C. Dietary fat intake and weight gain in women genetically predisposed for obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;61(6):1213-1217.
Lissner L, Heitmann BL, Bengtsson C. Low-fat diets may prevent weight gain in sedentary women: prospective observations from the population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. Obes Res. 1997;5(1):43-48.
Sheppard L, Kristal AR, Kushi LH. Weight loss in women participating in a randomized trial of low-fat diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54(5):821-828.
Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Wijckmans-Duijsens NE, Verboeket-van de Venne WP, de Graaf K, van het Hof KH, Weststrate JA. Energy intake and body weight effects of six months reduced or full fat diets, as a function of dietary restraint. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998;22(1):14-22.
Shimomura Y, Tamura T, Suzuki M. Less body fat accumulation in rats fed a safflower oil diet than in rats fed a beef tallow diet. J Nutr.1990;120(11):1291-1296.
Massiera F, Saint-Marc P, Seydoux J, et al. Arachidonic acid and prostacyclin signaling promote adipose tissue development: a human health concern? J Lipid Res. 2003;44(2):271-279.
Parrish CC, Pathy DA, Angel A. Dietary fish oils limit adipose tissue hypertrophy in rats. Metabolism.1990;39(3):217-219.
Raclot T, Groscolas R, Langin D, Ferre P. Site-specific regulation of gene expression by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in rat white adipose tissues. J Lipid Res. 1997;38(10):1963-1972.
Pan DA, Hulbert AJ, Storlien LH. Dietary fats, membrane phospholipids and obesity. J Nutr. 1994;124(9):1555-1565.
Raclot T, Oudart H. Selectivity of fatty acids on lipid metabolism and gene expression. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999;58(3):633-646.
Strum-Odin R, Adkins-Finke B, Blake WL, Phinney SD, Clarke SD. Modification of fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipid in hepatocyte monolayer with n-3, n-6 and n-9 fatty acids and its relationship to triacylglycerol production. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1987;921(2):378-391.
Hennig B, Watkins BA. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid: effect on permeability properties of cultured endothelial cell monolayers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;49(2):301-305.
Amri EZ, Ailhaud G, Grimaldi PA. Fatty acids as signal transducing molecules: involvement in the differentiation of preadipose to adipose cells. J Lipid Res. 1994;35(5):930-937.
Vassaux G, Gaillard D, Ailhaud G, Negrel R. Prostacyclin is a specific effector of adipose cell differentiation. Its dual role as a cAMP- and Ca(2+)-elevating agent. J Biol Chem. 1992;267(16):11092-11097.
Belmonte N, Phillips BW, Massiera F, et al. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases and CREB/ATF-1 mediate the expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins beta and -delta in preadipocytes. Mol Endocrinol. 2001;15(11):2037-2049.
Forman BM, Chen J, Evans RM. Hypolipidemic drugs, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and eicosanoids are ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and delta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94(9):4312-4317.
Kubota N, Terauchi Y, Miki H, et al. PPAR gamma mediates high-fat diet-induced adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin resistance. Mol Cell. 1999;4(4):597-609.
Rosen ED, Hsu CH, Wang X, et al. C/EBPalpha induces adipogenesis through PPARgamma: a unified pathway. Genes Dev. 2002;16(1):22-26.
Hihi AK, Michalik L, Wahli W. PPARs: transcriptional effectors of fatty acids and their derivatives. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2002;59(5):790-798.
Massaro M, Habib A, Lubrano L, et al. The omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoate attenuates endothelial cyclooxygenase-2 induction through both NADP(H) oxidase and PKC epsilon inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(41):15184-15189.
Ringbom T, Huss U, Stenholm A, et al. Cox-2 inhibitory effects of naturally occurring and modified fatty acids. J Nat Prod. 2001;64(6):745-749.
Corey EJ, Shih C, Cashman JR. Docosahexaenoic acid is a strong inhibitor of prostaglandin but not leukotriene biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983;80(12):3581-3584.
Mirnikjoo B, Brown SE, Kim HF, Marangell LB, Sweatt JD, Weeber EJ. Protein kinase inhibition by omega-3 fatty acids. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(14):10888-10896.
Willumsen N, Skorve J, Hexeberg S, Rustan AC, Berge RK. The hypotriglyceridemic effect of eicosapentaenoic acid in rats is reflected in increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation followed by diminished lipogenesis. Lipids. 1993;28(8):683-690.
Ukropec J, Reseland JE, Gasperikova D, et al. The hypotriglyceridemic effect of dietary n-3 FA is associated with increased beta-oxidation and reduced leptin expression. Lipids. 2003;38(10):1023-1029.
Sessler AM, Kaur N, Palta JP, Ntambi JM. Regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 mRNA stability by polyunsaturated fatty acids in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 1996;271(47):29854-29858.
Mater MK, Thelen AP, Pan DA, Jump DB. Sterol response element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) is involved in the polyunsaturated fatty acid suppression of hepatic S14 gene transcription. J Biol Chem. 1999;274(46):32725-32732.
Jones BH, Maher MA, Banz WJ, et al. Adipose tissue stearoyl-CoA desaturase mRNA is increased by obesity and decreased by polyunsaturated fatty acids. Am J Physiol. 1996;271(1 Pt 1):E44-49.
Axen KV, Dikeakos A, Sclafani A. High dietary fat promotes syndrome X in nonobese rats. J Nutr. 2003;133(7):2244-2249.
Kavanagh K, Jones KL, Sawyer J, et al. Trans fat diet induces abdominal obesity and changes in insulin sensitivity in monkeys. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15(7):1675-1684.
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Published
2013-07-31
How to Cite
Wang, L. (2013). Is Dietary Fatty Acid a Risk Factor for Obesity? A Review of the Literature. North American Journal of Medicine and Science, 6(1). Retrieved from https://najms.com/index.php/najms/article/view/162
Issue
Section
Review
