Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids: Role in Body Fat Gain and Development of Obesity
Keywords:
overweight, obesity, fatty acids, omega-3, omega-6, caloric intake, PUFAAbstract
The ratio of ω6 to ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in western diet has remarkably increased over the past decades. This change in dietary fatty acid (FA) composition, independent of the total caloric intake and total fat intake, may contribute to the obesity epidemic in many populations. Experimental studies show that ω3 and ω6 FAs play different role in adipogenesis, lipid homeostasis, brain-gut-adipose axis signaling, and systemic inflammation, resulting in divergent effects on body fat growth. Evidence from human studies remains limited and inconclusive. Very few observational studies and clinical trials have examined the association between composition of PUFA, particularly ω6 FA and ω6/ω3 ratio, with obesity-specific parameters. A consensus on the optimal intake of ω3 and ω6 subtype FAs and ω6/ω3 ratio in diet is lacking. We reviewed the temporal change in dietary PUFA composition in US, experimental studies that examine the effects of ɷ3 and ω6 FAs on body fat, and epidemiologic studies that assess the association between dietary PUFAs and the development of obesity. Future studies need to further evaluate dietary FAs and their biomarkers in association with objective and longitudinal measurements of body fat and elucidate the potential role of diet with a balanced ω3 and ω6 FA composition in the primary prevention of obesity.
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Amri EZ, Ailhaud G, Grimaldi PA. Fatty acids as signal transducing molecules: involvement in the differentiation of preadipose to adipose cells. J Lipid Res. 1994;35:930-937.
Jump DB, Clarke SD, Thelen A, Liimatta M. Coordinate regulation of glycolytic and lipogenic gene expression by polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Lipid Res. 1994;35:1076-1084.
Clarke SD, Jump D. Polyunsaturated fatty acids regulate lipogenic and peroxisomal gene expression by independent mechanisms. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1997;57:65-69.
Schwinkendorf DR, Tsatsos NG, Gosnell BA, Mashek DG. Effects of central administration of distinct fatty acids on hypothalamic neuropeptide expression and energy metabolism. Int J Obes (Lond).
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James MJ, Gibson RA, Cleland LG. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty
acids and inflammatory mediator production. Am J Clin Nutr.
2000;71:343S-348S.
Ogden CL, Yanovski SZ, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. The epidemiology
of obesity. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:2087-2102.
Rennie KL, Jebb SA. Prevalence of obesity in Great Britain. Obes Rev.
2005;6:11-12.
Cameron AJ, Welborn TA, Zimmet PZ, Dunstan DW, Owen N,
Salmon J, Dalton M, Jolley D, Shaw JE. Overweight and obesity in Australia: the 1999-2000 Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). Med J Aust. 2003;178:427-432.
Yumuk VD. Prevalence of obesity in Turkey. Obes Rev. 2005;6:9-10.
Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-
2010. JAMA. 2012;307:491-497.
Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of childhood
and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA.
2014;311:806-814.
WHO Media centre. Obesity and overweight Fact sheet N°311, May
2012. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ Accessed
10/30/2013.
Caterson ID, Hubbard V, Bray GA, Grunstein R, Hansen BC, Hong Y,
Labarthe D, Seidell JC, Smith SC, Jr. Prevention Conference VII: Obesity, a worldwide epidemic related to heart disease and stroke: Group III: worldwide comorbidities of obesity. Circulation. 2004;110:e476-483.
Weinstein AR, Sesso HD. Joint effects of physical activity and body weight on diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2006;34:10-15.
Huang Z, Willett WC, Manson JE, et al. Body weight, weight change, and risk for hypertension in women. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:81-88.
Samanic C, Chow WH, Gridley G, Jarvholm B, Fraumeni JF Jr. Relation of body mass index to cancer risk in 362,552 Swedish men. Cancer Causes Control. 2006;17:901-909.
Finkelstein EA, Ruhm CJ, Kosa KM. Economic causes and consequences of obesity. Annu Rev Public Health. 2005;26:239-257.
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2016-01-15
How to Cite
Wang, L. (2016). Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids: Role in Body Fat Gain and Development of Obesity. North American Journal of Medicine and Science, 8(4). Retrieved from https://najms.com/index.php/najms/article/view/77
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