Prevalence, Significance and Clinical Characteristics of Seizures, Epilepsy and Subclinical Electrical Activity in Autism
Keywords:
autism spectrum disorder, seizures, epilepsy, prevalence, subclinical electrical dischargesAbstract
This manuscript reviews epilepsy, seizures and/or subclinical electrical discharges (SEDs) in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including prevalence of epilepsy and SEDs, clinical characteristics of this ASD subgroup and seizure types. The prevalence of epilepsy in ASD is higher than the prevalence of epilepsy in typically developing individuals and depends on age and gender as well as comorbid genetic, metabolic and intellectual abnormalities. Studies suggest that, in ASD, the prevalence of clinical seizures increases with age and that adults with ASD and epilepsy have greater behavioral and cognitive problem as well as elevated mortality. Temporal and frontal lobe epilepsies as well as electrical status epilepticus during sleep syndromes share characteristics with ASD yet these syndromes are rarely diagnosed in ASD. The prevalence of SEDs is very high in ASD. Studies suggest that SEDs and epilepsy share common underlying neuropathology but that children with epilepsy have greater cognitive and behavioral impairments than those with SEDs. Studies, mostly on children with epilepsy, provide evidence that SEDs are related to cognitive impairment. One study suggests that the patterns of temporal and frontal SEDs are related to the ASD diagnosis. These studies are consistent with the cognitive and behavioral abnormalities associated with temporal and frontal lobe epilepsies. This adds support for that fact that SEDs are significant. However, carefully controlled studies on the significance of SEDs in ASD are lacking.
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El Achkar CM, Spence SJ. Clinical characteristics of children and young adults with co-occurring autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;47:183-190.
Levisohn PM. The autism-epilepsy connection. Epilepsia. 2007;48:33- 35.
Kim HL, Donnelly JH, Tournay AE, Book TM, Filipek P. Absence of seizures despite high prevalence of epileptiform EEG abnormalities in children with autism monitored in a tertiary care center. Epilepsia. 2006;47:394-398.
McVicar KA, Ballaban-Gil K, Rapin I, Moshe SL, Shinnar S. Epileptiform EEG abnormalities in children with language regression. Neurology. 2005;65:129-131.
Chez MG, Chang M, Krasne V, Coughlan C, Kominsky M, Schwartz A. Frequency of epileptiform EEG abnormalities in a sequential screening of autistic patients with no known clinical epilepsy from 1996 to 2005. Epilepsy Behav. 2006;8:267-271.
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Munoz-Yunta JA, Ortiz T, Palau-Baduell M, et al. Magnetoencephalo- graphic pattern of epileptiform activity in children with early-onset autism spectrum disorders. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008;119:626-634.
Saemundsen E, Ludvigsson P, Hilmarsdottir I, Rafnsson V. Autism spectrum disorders in children with seizures in the first year of life - a population-based study. Epilepsia. 2007;48:1724-1730.
Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia. 2010;51:676-685.
Saemundsen E, Ludvigsson P, Rafnsson V. Risk of autism spectrum disorders after infantile spasms: a population-based study nested in a cohort with seizures in the first year of life. Epilepsia. 2008;49:1865- 1870.
Saemundsen E, Ludvigsson P, Rafnsson V. Autism spectrum disorders in children with a history of infantile spasms: a population-based study. J Child Neurol. 2007;22:1102-1107.
Parmeggiani A, Barcia G, Posar A, Raimondi E, Santucci M, Scaduto MC. Epilepsy and EEG paroxysmal abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders. Brain Dev. 2010;32:783-789.
Bolton PF, Carcani-Rathwell I, Hutton J, Goode S, Howlin P, Rutter M. Epilepsy in autism: features and correlates. Br J Psychiatry. 2011;198:289-294.
Pavone P, Incorpora G, Fiumara A, Parano E, Trifiletti RR, Ruggieri M. Epilepsy is not a prominent feature of primary autism. Neuropediatrics. 2004;35:207-210.
Oslejskova H, Dusek L, Makovska Z, Rektor I. Epilepsia, epileptiform abnormalities, non-right-handedness, hypotonia and severe decreased IQ are associated with language impairment in autism. Epileptic Disord. 2007;9:S9-S18.
Unal O, Ozcan O, Oner O, Akcakin M, Aysev A, Deda G. EEG and MRI findings and their relation with intellectual disability in pervasive developmental disorders. World J Pediatr. 2009:5:196-200.
Huang CH, Peng SS, Weng WC, Su YN, Lee WT. The relationship of neuroimaging findings and neuropsychiatric comorbidities in children with tuberous sclerosis complex. J Formos Med Assoc. 2014. pii: S0929-6646(14)00071-0.
Bolton PF, Griffiths PD. Association of tuberous sclerosis of temporal lobes with autism and atypical autism. Lancet. 1997;349:392-395.
Blackmon K. Structural MRI biomarkers of shared pathogenesis in
autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;47:172-
182.
Blackmon K, Bluvstein J, MacAllister WS, et al. Treatment Resistant
Epilepsy in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Increased Risk for Females.
Autism Res. 2015. [ in press]
Sasaki M. SPECT findings in autism spectrum disorders and medically
refractory seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;47:167-171.
Sasaki M, Nakagawa E, Sugai K, et al. Brain perfusion SPECT and EEG findings in children with autism spectrum disorders and
medically intractable epilepsy. Brain Dev. 2010;32:776-782.
Deonna T, Roulet E. Autistic spectrum disorder: evaluating a possible
contributing or causal role of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2006;47:79-82.
Tuchman RF, Rapin I. Regression in pervasive developmental disorders: seizures and epileptiform electroencephalogram correlates.
Pediatrics. 1997;99:560-566.
Oslejskova H, Dusek L, Makovska Z, Pejcochova J, Autrata R, Slapak
I. Complicated relationship between autism with regression and epilepsy. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2008;29:558-570.
Pickett J, Xiu E, Tuchman R, Dawson G, Lajonchere C. Mortality in individuals with Autism, with and without Epilepsy. J Child Neurol. 2011;26:932-939.
Hartley-McAndrew M, Weinstock A. Autism Spectrum Disorder: Correlation between aberrant behaviors, EEG abnormalities and seizures. Neurol Int. 2010;2:e10.
Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ, Pickett J. Causes of death in autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2001;31:569-576.
Tuchman RF, Rapin I, Shinnar S. Autistic and dysphasic children. II: Epilepsy. Pediatrics. 1991;88:1219-1225.
Steffenburg S, Gillberg C, Steffenburg U. Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with mental retardation and active epilepsy. Arch Neurol. 1996;53:904-912.
Rossi PG, Parmeggiani A, Bach V, Santucci M, Visconti P. EEG features and epilepsy in patients with autism. Brain Dev. 1995;17:169- 174.
Matsuo M, Maeda T, Sasaki K, Ishii K, Hamasaki Y. Frequent association of autism spectrum disorder in patients with childhood onset epilepsy. Brain Dev. 2010;32:759-763.
Matsuo M, Maeda T, Ishii K, Tajima D, Koga M, Hamasaki Y. Characterization of childhood-onset complex partial seizures associated with autism spectrum disorder. Epilepsy Behav. 2011; 20:524-527.
Marin JC, Moura PJ, Cysneiros RM, et al. Temporal lobe epilepsy and social behavior: an animal model for autism? Epilepsy Behav. 2008;13:43-46.
Besag FM. Behavioral aspects of pediatric epilepsy syndromes. Epilepsy Behav. 2004;5:S3-S13.
DeLong GR, Heinz ER. The clinical syndrome of early-life bilateral hippocampal sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 1997;42:11-17.
Pascual-Castroviejo I, Pascual-Pascual SI. Bilateral arachnoid cysts, seizures and severe encephalopathy: case report. Neuropediatrics. 1994;25:42-43.
Strauss KA, Puffenberger EG, Huentelman MJ, et al. Recessive symptomatic focal epilepsy and mutant contactin-associated protein- like 2. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1370-1377.
Mikati MA, El-Bitar MK, Najjar MW, et al. A child with refractory complex partial seizures, right temporal ganglioglioma, contralateral continuous electrical status epilepticus, and a secondary Landau- Kleffner autistic syndrome. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;14:411-417.
McLellan A, Davies S, Heyman I, et al. Psychopathology in children with epilepsy before and after temporal lobe resection. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005;47:666-672.
Taylor DC, Neville BG, Cross JH. Autistic spectrum disorders in childhood epilepsy surgery candidates. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;8:189-192.
Parkinson GM. Pragmatic difficulties in children with autism associated with childhood epilepsy. Ped Rehab. 2006;9:229-246.
Patrikelis P, Angelakis E, Gatzonis S. Neurocognitive and behavioral functioning in frontal lobe epilepsy: a review. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;14:19-26.
Fohlen M, Bulteau C, Jalin C, Jambaque I, Delalande O. Behavioral epileptic seizures: a clinical and intracranial EEG study in 8 children with frontal lobe epilepsy. Neuropediatrics. 2004;35:336-345.
Hashimoto T, Sasaki M, Sugai K, Hanaoka S, Fukumizu M, Kato T. Paroxysmal discharges on EEG in young autistic patients are frequent in frontal regions. J Med Invest. 2001;48:175-180.
Landau WM, Kleffner FR. Syndrome of acquired aphasia with convulsive disorder in children. Neurology. 1957;7:523-530.
Morrell F, Whisler WW, Smith MC, et al. Landau-Kleffner syndrome. Treatment with subpial intracortical transection. Brain. 1995;118:1529- 1546.
Roulet Perez E, Davidoff V, Despland PA, Deonna T. Mental and behavioural deterioration of children with epilepsy and CSWS: acquired epileptic frontal syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1993;35:661-674.
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Published
2016-01-15
How to Cite
Frye, R. E. (2016). Prevalence, Significance and Clinical Characteristics of Seizures, Epilepsy and Subclinical Electrical Activity in Autism. North American Journal of Medicine and Science, 8(3). Retrieved from https://najms.com/index.php/najms/article/view/86
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